The Life of Louis D. Brandeis

APUSH, Period 5 Louis D. Brandeis Louis D. Brandeis was a lawyer widely known for his contribution to the progressive movement especially his involvement in the fight against big corporations, monopolies, big trusts etc. Brandies was born into a Jewish family to who resided in Louisville Kentucky. They raised him with relaxed Judaic principles, which did not affect his outlook on life too strongly. Brandeis enrolled to Harvard Law School graduating with the highest final average in the school’s history. His law career began in Boston as a law clerk to Horace Gray of the Massachusetts Supreme Court.To which he did not have to take an examination mainly due to his high honors. President Woodrow Wilson ultimately appointed Brandeis an associate of justice. Louis D. Brandeis was known as the people’s lawyer because of his successful law career that supported the general idea of the average American. Brandeis’ law career was mostly based on his positive view towards t he progressive era/ movement; he was a strong advocate on natural rights and freedom of speech, Brandeis supported the union movement, women’s rights, and the fight for a minimum wage.Brandeis was in favor of small business and set out to bust the big companies from being monopolies. One of his biggest busts against monopolies was the fight against JP Morgan and his desire for a railroad monopoly in New England. His plan was to eliminate the opposing companies by buying them out. Brandeis would pursue this case for 6 years and the company would ultimately collapse on itself as he predicted. Brandeis did not agree with how life insurance was being treated so he set out to create a new plan for it. He said that the previous insurance plan was just â€Å"legalized robbery†.He created the Savings Bank Life Insurance policy, which we can thank him for even today. This is insurance provided by savings banks presumably making it better for the applicant. He said â€Å"cheape r insurance may rob death of half of its terrors for the worthy poor†. Brandeis was in support of the idea of minimum wage on a national level rather than a state level. He believed that the worker should be guaranteed a minimum pay and hours just like the unions wanted. The case Muller v. Oregon involved the issue of state v. ederal law in regards to the issue of minimum wage and hours of women. Brandeis fought for the idea of it being on a national level to ensure that all workers were treated equally. He succeeded by presenting his idea with a shorter more traditional brief, but with large factual support in documents such as social worker reports, medical conclusions, factory inspector observations, and other expert testimonials to prove his ultimate point that a certain amount of time was harmful for the given worker and that if this were a possibility a higher wage must be presnted.This tactic is called the Brandeis Brief and it is still used in court cases today; it com pletely changed the way lawyers display their edvidence. Brandeis was a big leader in supporting the progressive era and the reforms that went along with it. Some things we can thank him for are the legalization of unions or the right of labor to organize, and the Savings Bank Insurance League. He was overall a big supporter of small corporations rather than large as he set out to bust monopolies including JP Morgan and his quest for the New England railroads.

Ideal Behavior Between Daoism And Judaism Essay

Judaism and Daoism are two different religious each with its behaviors differentiating it from other. Both religions have complex philosophies and ways of conducting their worships. Daoism is based on Confucianism and it was founded in China in Han dynasty. It deals with learning of the past. Judaism is a religion that believes in one God who is omnipresent, almighty, omniscient, infinite and eternal. They have Old Testament and they believe in existence of heaven which is the eternal dwelling of the righteous and hell as the eternal dwelling of the wicked. Daoism and Judaism are two religions each with its beliefs and behaviors making them somehow similar and different. Judaism is different from Daoism because Daoism is a religion that started as a combination of simple philosophy and psychology but grew into a religious faith Daoism and Judaism are somehow similar for they originated from one and the same source who is God Almighty. They are closely interrelated and they have many common rituals, beliefs, worship, laws, rules, wisdom and morals. They are similar because God’s law is universal and the two religions are universal too. Daoism and Judaism have different ethical code. Daoism refers Laozi as their founders while Judaism believes that Hebrews were founders of the religion. The primary scripture of Daoism is Laozi’s Book of Dao and its virtue while for the Judaism it is the Holy Bible. Daoism has its Daoist philosophy with its main ideological source and took some concepts from Mohist, Yin-Yang and Confucianist. They follow Huang-Lao traditions. Daoism holds longevity and immortality as its highest object of faith. It advocates for Longevity and Immortality through Nourishing of life. They have practice of virtuous conducted to escape death and reach eternity. Judaism has temple sacrifices along with temple priesthood to function. Taoism has numerous deities under Tao while Judaism they believe in Reincarnation, Heaven or Garden of Eden or Hell. Judaism practice circumcision, they worship on Sabbath in the Synagogues and on the Holy Days like Bar Mitzvahs, marriages and funerals and during festivals like Passover. Their God is called Rabbi. During special feasts like marriages and funerals and during ancestral worships Taoism worships in the Temple. In Judaism, they believe that their leaders were Moses and Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David with Rebbes being spiritual leaders of some Chassidic sects. Taoism believes that their leaders were Lao Tzu Some Taoist sects which have Pontiffs. Judaism believes that Israel is their God-given homeland thus having a strong belief in justice. For the Taoism, when society is compassionate, their government also tries to be generous. Judaism has a sacred writing known as Torah while that of Taoism is known as Tao Te Chig or The I Chig. Judaism believe that, the State of Israel is the Jewish homeland while Taoism belief that Chinese loves nature. Judaism is a religion based on Law while Taoism is a religion focused more on nature instead of society. Taoism has great concern on ethical thinking, speaking and doing. This is because when an individual behaves in an ethical manner the entire community benefits. Those who believe in Daoism have focused themselves on nature. Taoism has no commandment and they have no particular action or even thought. In conclusion, Daoism and Judaism are two different religions with some similarities. Judaism is based on religious way of life but Daoism focuses more on nature. Daoism was founded in China in Han dynasty and it is based on Confucianism dealing with learning of the past. Judaism is a religion that believes in one God who is omnipresent, almighty, omniscient, infinite and eternal.

Termite

This is about termites and details my findings about them, and also is meant to provide some helpful info on how to deal with termite infestation. You’ll find lots of termite pictures here too. But this site is also meant to highlight a whole lot more interesting aspects on these insects, and feature many species which are NOT pests, and which are rare or will never be found in urban environments or human habitation. Second only to ants, termites are one of the most numerous insects on earth (number-wise), but due to habitat destruction, and environmental degradation, some species appear to be declining. A few other species though, are thriving and proving to be troublesome pests, in increasingly man-influenced environments! Very little is known about termites, and hopefully this site can be an online repository of information on them. As a whole, very little is known about termites, save for some species which are important from an economical point of view. Liquid termiticides are commonly applied as a form of barrier treatment, in order to control infestations of subterranean termites in and around homes. These types of barriers work by keeping termites away from a structure as well as killing those that penetrate the treated area. There are a few types of liquid termiticides available on the market today, which are commonly used by extermination professionals. Chemicals such as â€Å"Prevail† and â€Å"Demon† are repellents that keep termites a distance away from the treated area. While these options are relatively effective, it is possible for breaks to form in the treatment perimeter, or for soil to be moved. This can allow termites to penetrate the barrier and enter the home. Other forms of liquid termiticides such as â€Å"Phantom†, â€Å"Premise†, and â€Å"Termidor†, allow termites to enter the treated area and come into direct contact with the liquid. These chemicals do not repel and they do not kill on contact. Instead, the termites that come into contact with the chemical bring it back to their colony, which in turn eliminates the entire population.

Situational Analysis for Massive Incorporated Essay

Situational Analysis for Massive Incorporated - Essay Example Profit. As with any business organization, Massive opts to generate profit from its products and services. This is to ensure that the business has enough funds to finance its operational costs and other projects. Clients. Being a pioneer in the market, the company aims to understand its client needs in order to deliver maximum satisfaction. Massive seeks to give a new source of revenue to developers, provide a new venue for advertisers to promote their products, and enhance the gaming experience of gamers through in-game advertisements. Leadership. As rivalry heats up in the in-game advertising industry, Massive wants to be ahead in the competition. The company seeks to become the number one choice of advertisers by gaining a strong foothold in the market. Leadership can be measured by looking at Massive's market share relative to its competitors. Massive Incorporated is a player in the in-game advertising industry. This industry is primarily responsible for the placement of ads in video games in different platforms. This industry is a response to the declining television viewing as males aged 18-34 spend more time playing games. This age group which represents a huge proportion of the global market is one of the highly sought demographic segments by advertisers. However, as they turn to video games for recreation, advertisers need to find a way to incorporate advertisements during playtime. Though Massive pioneered in-game advertising, business organizations have been very quick to realize the potential profit gain from this segment. Together with Massive, Double Fusion and IGA Worldwide captures the largest market shares. Some smaller start-ups and players in the video game industry are also taking the challenge of in-game advertising. Yankee Group reports that there are about 112 million people aged 13 and above in the United States participating in some form of electronic gaming. It is forecasted that the number will grow to 148 million in 2008. These gaming activities are being conducted on four specific platforms like consoles, personal computers, handhelds and mobile devices (Shields, 2005). Despite the rapid growth of the video gaming industry, it also faces numerous challenges. It should be noted that customers now demand the creation of video games which have more sophisticated story lines and graphic improvements. This has resulted to higher production costs as well as longer production time. On the other hand, the average commercial life of a video game has significantly dropped to less than one year. With the increasing competition among industry players, companies are launching new strategies to attract

This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look Essay

This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look assignment criteria for topic - Essay Example However, in 2008 the notions of the impeding scarcity had a reverse effect with the producers wanting to make a large profit before the reserveswere depleted. This saw the prices rise continually. At that rate the country would be spending many billions of dollars on importation of petroleum and natural gas. This would create a distress in the economy because of the increased trade deficit. It is true that Asia is the new ground zero for growth of energy consumption.it is also true that Asia will be responsible for 85% of the energy consumption growth on the planet in the next 20 years. This has seen Russia try to form ties with the east to establish a proper market for its hydrocarbon exports3. The obvious deduction from this would be that Russia would wield more geopolitical power in the next few decades, which is not likely to be the case4. The current technological advancements have enabled rapid expansion of the shale gas industry in the US. In a decade, the industry has grown dramatically with the product now in abundant supply,seeing drastic reduction in prices. The policy debate has snow shifted to how much of the nation’s energy resource should be exported. The strengthening of the US’ geopolitical strength due to the shift in paradigms of the global energy market has greatly hindered China’s attempt to be the global leader. The best way to counter this influence would be to weaken the alliances that the US has with states in the region. The result has been the heightening of maritime tensions in the region with the East China Sea conflict providing a good illustration5. Both China and japan lay claim to a number of geographical features found in the sea. The features that comprise of a few islands and territorial waters could provide energy reserves and fishing grounds6. However, this is not the only reason behind the conflict. The key issue is that the waters are important choke

The problem of using Facebook as a strategic marketing tool for Future Essay

The problem of using Facebook as a strategic marketing tool for Future Shop - Essay Example The company only has two main centers for customer relations and these are solely responsible for responding to customer issues posted ob Facebook. It can be noted that these centers are overwhelmed by the large numbers of customer queries posted on its social site. In order to solve this problem, the communication structure in the company should be decentralised so that each branch has the opportunity to monitor its own site in terms of responding to the needs of the customers in a timely manner. It is also encouraged that teamwork in the company should be given priority since it helps the members to develop a positive sense of belonging towards the organization. It is also important to treat customers as kings so that they can have a positive feeling towards the company. I feel honored to be given this opportunity to take part in this particular report. I would like to thank all people who contributed their ideas and views towards this report which is so enlightening. Should you ne ed any assistance, do not hesitate to contact me. Once again, I wish to say thank you all for your cooperation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 I. Introduction †¦.............................................................................................................................4 II. Future Shop and Facebook †¦.....................................................................................................4 1. Facebook: a successful marketing tool...............................................................................5 III. Facebook and Future Shop’s issue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. Poor response system †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ...6 2. Lack of response from Future Shop†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ..8 3. Problem affecting Future Shop.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ...8 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................................................................................................8 Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Glossary.†¦..................................... ...............................................................................................11 References†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................................................................................................................12 List of illustrations Figure 1Customer response to market offering by Future Shop †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Figure 2 A post to Future Shop†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Figure 3 Response from competitor BestBuy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Table 1 Facebook subscriber growth between 2011 to 2012†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 EXECU TIVE SUMMARY This report analyses the impact of Facebook as a strategic marketing tool by Future shop in its operations. Millions of people have Facebook accounts and this social site is very effective in linking people from different walks of life. Facebook as an effective marketing tool When it first used Facebook, Future Shop had only 95.000 subscribers in 2005 and there were only a few posts on its

How true is that the United States have a responsibility to protect Essay

How true is that the United States have a responsibility to protect human rights in other countries - Essay Example The United Nations A number of culturally diverse countries make up the world. To ensure that these countries will be protected against any unjust and unfair treatment by each other, there is a need for a global or international community that will stand as a world government. The United Nation is one of the major organizations that make up the international community. It is an â€Å"international organization designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, economic development, social progress, and human rights easier for countries around the world† (Briney, 2011). According to Briney (2011), this international organization is composed of 193 member countries and its head office can be found in New York. The fundamental purpose of United Nations includes saving future generations from war, protect human rights and establish equality for all persons (Briney, 2011). In Briney’s (2011) article entitled The United Nations, other principles of this international organization include upholding justice, freedom and social progress for all the citizens of all the member states. Thus it can be said that this international organization is one of the best that created or established in the world community. With the goals or purposes that the United Nations aim to do, the world is protected against any harm or threat from any countries. ... Thus economic progress can also be achieved by ensuring that all member states comply with the rules and regulations especially about fair competition and trade responsibilities. Aside from this, each person is granted the protection of his rights in the national and international level. Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights or UNDHR is described as the â€Å"foundation of international human rights law, the first universal statement on the basic principles of inalienable human rights, and a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations† (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a Living Document, 2007). The Preamble of the UNDHR includes the following: Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which h ave outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism Essay

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism - Essay Example With these facts in mind, this research seeks, among other things, to further look into the daily happenings at a typical American prison. And more importantly, it also seeks to address the need to prevent recidivism and to reintegrate offenders into society. In his book â€Å"Crime and Punishment in America† (1998), Elliott Currie tells us that the American approach to violent crime is out of balance and just plain wrong. Despite America’s heavy reliance on jails and prisons as deterrents to crime, at that point in time, it still held the worst level for violence among the developed countries. The idea of America being soft on crime, he says, is a myth. Whatever some may argue, the fact is that crime’s response to punishment is unpredictable. He goes on to quote John DiIulio, who explains that the money spent to put a criminal behind bars prevents two or three more from committing crime. Also, according to James Wilson, despite the expense involved in maintaining prisons, the benefits, in terms of crimes avoided, far outweigh the cost. The problem is that, even after 25 years as of his writing (and in fact, even to this very day), the vast amount of cash spent on prisons has done little to make violent crime respond consistently. And despite this, the American public still insists on the effectiveness of the penitentiary system. As an example, Currie cites the female inmates sentenced on the most minor of offenses, such as drug charges or property crimes connected to such dependencies – and how their imprisonment has left multitudes of children parentless. In this case the system fails to account for the greater costs involved: substitute care, welfare dependency, and even possible delinquency and/or drug addiction. Another more direct example is how the lack of serious vocational training in most prisons leads inmates to leave it even more ill-prepared for the

Methods of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods of Motivation - Essay Example There are two types of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic. Extrinsic motivation implies an instrumental relationship between behavioral results and desired outcomes. The person is not vitally interested in his/her very behavior, but in particular in the outcome that results from it. Whoever wants to get a compliment from a specific somebody, in return for which some work has to be done (like completing schoolwork at home), is not focused on those tasks, but on the recognition she or he expects to receive from performing well. Intrinsic motivation consists of the feelings attached to or resulting from performing specified activities. Thus, intrinsically motivated people would be satisfied, happy, enjoy themselves, favor the things they do, and so forth (Armstrong, 2003). Achievement motivation theory (McClelland) asserts that maximum motivation will occur at moderate levels of difficulty when the incentive value of success is highest. Two problems with that model are the failure to include an explicit goal-setting stage and/or the failure to measure commitment to succeeding. These factors are crucial to predicting the individual's response to subjective probability estimates. But the value for achievement, a conscious motive that is not correlated with n ach, has been found to be significantly related to goal choice (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). One of the earliest and the most popular theories of motivation was developed by Abraham H. Maslow. His "Hierarchy of needs' theory is based on five needs: (1) psychological (hunger, thirst), (2) safety (protection), (3) social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), (4) esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and (5) self-actualization (realizing one's potential for continued self-development). Whereas needs and (subconscious) motives are crucial to a full understanding of human action, they are several steps removed from action itself (Robbins, 2002). Goal-setting theory is odds with expectancy theory, which was first introduced into industrial-organizational psychology by Vroom in 1964. This theory asserts that, other things being equal, expectancy of success (which is inversely related to goal difficulty) is positively related to performance. However, as shown later, goal-setting theory and expectancy theory can be fully reconciled. Goal-setting theory approaches the explanation of performance quite differently from that of motive or need theories such as those of McClelland and Maslow. It then worked backwards from there to determine what causes goals and what makes them effective. In contrast, need and motive theories started with more remote and general (often subconscious) regulators and tried to work forward to action, usually ignoring specific and conscious factors (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). Equity theory (John Stacey Adams, 1963-1965) asserts that pay will bring satisfaction to the degree that it is seen as fair or equitable. Equity judgments will be based on the judged ratio of the individual's outputs and inputs in comparison to the output/input ratio of people to whom the individual compares himself or herself. If pay is seen as inequitable, thus producing dissatisfaction, people will take steps to restore equity by modifying the quantity or quality of

The impact of employee participation in decision making on job Research Proposal

The impact of employee participation in decision making on job satisfaction - Research Proposal Example In the last section, the questionnaire for the primary survey is given. The dependent variable is job satisfaction. It is defined as the positive feeling or emotion resulting from the appraisal of an employee about how much his needs are fulfilled from the present work role and place( Wagner,1994;Bhatti and Qureshi,2007 etc). Hence, job satisfaction results from many factors like the nature of responsibilities assigned to the employee, balance between life and work to the employee, autonomy for the job , affection orientation towards the organization where the employee is working, attitude of colleagues etc. Therefore, job satisfaction is measured in terms of two major indicators in this study, the job functionality and organizational fit following many studies like Verma (1995), Wagner (1994), Scott etal(2003),Bhatti and Qureshi(2007) etc. Job functionality includes questions on job responsibilities, job life balance and job autonomy. Organizational fit includes questions on trust in the organization, trust in other employees; support from colleagues and authorities, and motivation for work. All these questions are on a scale 0 to 4.. Employee participation is defined as sharing of influence among persons who are otherwise hierarchically unequal (Bhatti and Qureshi, 2007, p3) . It includes involving both managers and their subordinates in decision-making, information processing and problem solving processes as well as making a balance between the involvements of both. Hence, the attitude of management and influence of employees at workplace are two important indicators of employee participation. Therefore, employee participation is measured in terms of these two indicators attitudes to current job and influence at workplace. The attitudes to current job include questions like performance and attitude of management as well as employee involvement

Execution of Strategy Essay Example for Free

Execution of Strategy Essay Executives, or corporate-level managers, are in charge of many things governing the success of the company as a whole. Among these are developing a strategic vision and business mission, setting objectives, crafting a strategy, implementing and executing a strategy and evaluating the performance of the strategy. Strategies are especially important because of the value-creation process that occurs because of it. Sometimes, though, execution of strategies fail and the question here is â€Å"why? † One possible reason is that the strategies developed by the executives are too broad and do not take into consideration the environment of the firm at the operational level, which is the lowest level and the closest to the markets. One possible way to curb this problem is through a bottom-up approach, wherein the operational-level managers submit their proposed strategies and the corporate-level managers evaluate and approve these, or the top-bottom-top approach, wherein the corporate-level managers forward their suggested strategies to the operational-level managers, who make changes accordingly, and evaluate the said changes before approving the strategy. Supple Supply Chain According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2007), the term ‘supple’ means to be able to easily adapt to new circumstances. When we say that a supply chain is ‘supple’, we simply mean that a firm is very flexible in terms of its ability to synchronize its functions and those of its’ suppliers to match the flow of service, information and materials with cutomer demand. A firm’s environment is constantly changing, especially in our day and age with the advent of technology which brings about major changes to the flow of communication. A firm that cannot take advantage of these changes is sure to fail. For example, the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation had a major problem with regards to the delay in production when a certain portion of its parts was just a tiny bit too large or too small; it would have taken ages for changes to be made. Today, however, using a program called ‘Powerway’, which ables the firm to collaborate more easily with their suppliers, the firm can now avoid delays by forseeing the problem and adjusting accordingly before it even occurs (Mayor, 2007). The best strategy a firm can employ to ensure a supple supply chain is to take advantage of the advancing technology, as the Daimler-Chrysler Corporation has done. The new programs developed by the IT industries offer a way for firms to know and understand the production and business processes to allow for quick response to changes in the firm’s market (Mayor, 2007). One thing to understand, though, is that one should not confuse a ‘supple supply chain’ with a ‘responsive supply chain,’ because a responsive supply chain is a strategy of the firm to counter uncertain demand wherein a supple supply chain is a characteristic of the supply chain. Reference http://www.cio.com/article/119301/The_Supple_Supply_Chain http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/supple

Bead Bar Systems Development Project Essay Example for Free

Bead Bar Systems Development Project Essay The primary objective is to organize information and operate in a planned and controlled manner to capitalize on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization. The proposed information system would departmentalize the operations of the various departments and make the organization accessible to its stakeholders in a pre-approved and designed manner. Not everyone would be allowed to access all kinds of information and all activities can be tracked so as to ascertain the state of the organization at every point of time. The involvement of EIS, MIS, DSS, TPS and knowledge work systems would ensure that different variants of stakeholders manage the system with their given privileges to drive the enterprise. Proposed system: We propose to create a company website which can be accessed through the internet enabling the franchisee locations to access it and perform the business functions of recording and updating the system for all the business changes. All the franchisee locations are connected with the help of public data carriers so that it is able to access the company website to perform their functions. Each such franchisee would have their access privileges to enter the transaction section and operate their business process. The president and the owner, vice president’s of all the departments would have an Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System (MIS) to manage their operations. The accounts department may use Transaction Processing System (TPS) and the ground level workers can use Knowledge Work System to measure worker output, productivity and others. Lists of Input and Output information and sources: Prior to outlining the input and output information, the system development life cycle must be in place so that the analysis is done accordingly. The correct nature of the inputs and the outputs would make the system design vary accordingly as it requires to capture the information and put it into a frame to interpret in a decisive manner to take further decisions. The systems development life cycle for Bead Bar is as follows: 1. Feasibility analysis: The new proposed system and the present working system are analyzed so that the ROI (Return on Investment) is obtained. The proposed system is further analyzed for economical, technical, schedule and other feasibilities so that it stands in front of all difficulties in the development of the project. The Bead bar enterprise’s key management people are involved in the process of feasibility analysis. All the inputs, outputs and external environment are studied in detail so that the underlying intricacies would be researched well for their impact and development. Inputs: Bead Bar’s inputs are in the form of company’s short and long term objectives, its financial base and credibility for years to come, its general strategic plans, consent of the advisors and directors, risk handling strategies and many others. Outputs: The feasibility has outputs in the form of higher management approval for the sustenance of the systems development, its full length use to cover all business functions, risk mitigation strategies and many others. 2. Systems planning and requirements gathering: After the system is thoroughly checked for all its inputs and outputs, the requirements phase takes the lead. All the key stakeholders of the departments and the users of the system must be taken into account for gathering the crucial departmental functions, requirements and its interaction with other departments to achieve the central goal of the enterprise. Input: It must be in the form of the users of the system who are better-off to understand and figure out the exact ground level happenings in the business. Their view of the workings of the enterprise must be captured so that appropriate implementation can be done. Output: The valuable information fetched from the users of the system must be given a representation and frame it accordingly to fix it into a system. 3. Systems Analysis and Design: Bead Bar’s system requirements are studied and the system is analyzed and designed accordingly. The flow of data is analyzed so that the system captures the entire business cycle and their functions. Inputs: It would come from the requirements gathering phase and the order of business flow. Outputs: It would result in helping the analysts and designers in the process of database handling and further development of the system. 4. Database Model: The database model for Bead Bar is as follows, which shows the interaction of the different entities of the business. Figure 1 : Database Model 5. Coding: The above design is given a representation of the business and the various functions are finally implemented at this stage. Inputs: It is in the form of requirements gathered from the previous stages and the design documents. Outputs: It results in actual implementation of the system so that it can be viewed physically. 6. Implementation and Training: This stage correlates with actual planting of the system at the Bead Bar so that the present system is replaced and the proposed system takes its place. The users must be trained to operate the business functions with the system, store and retrieve data whenever it is demanded. 7. System feedback and maintenance: The general working of the system must be responded back so that any form of negative points would be highlighted and discussed to take advantage of the system and technologies involved. 8. Systems Review and Maintenance schedule: The review and maintenance schedule must include the following: Preventative maintenance – Maintenance schedules are a necessity for keeping the resources of a system in good health. The hardware, network equipments, communication programs and software must be periodically checked whether it is up and running (Mawer, 2000).

Questions and Answers on Economics and Market Strategies

Questions and Answers on Economics and Market Strategies What are the main features of an oligopolistic market? With the aid of examples, show collusion between firms in such markets may be determent to consumers and explain briefly what governments can do to control the worst abuses of such a situation. An oligopolistic market is characterised by a few organisations in competition with each other to supply goods to a market. Their strength is not quite that of a monopoly, but there are typically a small number of relatively powerful operators, creating barriers to entry for potential competitors. The UK market for chocolate is largely oligopolistic, with 90% of purchases being manufactured by Mars, Cadbury or Nestlà © (Marcousà © et al 2003: 429). Branding is strong, reflecting the product name and often the manufacturer (Cadbury’s Dairy Milk, for example). The substantial investment put into product development creates a barrier to entry for the competition, and competition is predominantly product-based, thus for chocolate, the aim is to create the products most popular with consumers. Laidler (1982: 202) notes that firms operating in an oligopoly tend to assume that if they raise their prices, their competitors will not follow suit, leaving them disadvantaged, but that if they lower their prices, competitors will copy the strategy, eroding margins across the market sector. As far as chocolate is concerned, the three main manufacturers price their bars similarly and rarely use price promotions. Marketing activities are structured to encourage consumers to choose one brand ahead of another when they make a purchase, rather than to instigate the purchase in the first place. The tendency of oligopolies to follow similar strategies to their competitors is also recognised as affecting the groceries market (Office of Fair Trading 2008: 151) and referred to as tacit co-ordination: there is no formalised plan or discussion between parties, but the effects are to make the industry less inclined to be competitive (ibid), at the expense of the consumer who continues to pay high prices. There are examples of price competition among oligopolistic companies, such as between the Mirror and Sun newspapers in 2002 (Marcousà © et al 2003: 429), but the aim is more often to preserve relatively high margins. Collusion emerges as one of the techniques to do this. Although collusion is illegal in most countries (Koutsoyiannis 1983: 237), it may operate informally: for example, trade magazines often publish information on what companies within a particular industry are doing with the implication is that a particular pricing practice is de rigueur within that industry (ibid). It was perhaps notable that when oil prices fell recently after a significant rise earlier in 2008, savings were not initially passed on through the price charged at the pump, and only dropped when supermarket petrol stations began cutting their prices. This kind of situation, where organisations in an oligopoly behave consistently with each other, may have similar effects to colluding, but is not in breach of any regulations. Cartels have a similar effect: for example, OPEC standardises oil prices across thirteen different member nations. Such a situation may deter consumers as prices may be kept artificially high. If there is little choice for the price-sensitive consumer, then reductions in purchase may occur. For example, as petrol prices rise, car users may be less inclined to make unnecessary journeys. OPEC is international, with government involvement to promote stability within the oil industry and operates through formalised agreements, contrasting with the kind of collusive approaches which are widely outlawed. The UK government uses the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission to help control collusion (Marcousà © et al 2003: 429) as it has a detrimental effect on consumers through fixing prices artificially high. The UK framework includes legislation prohibiting cartel-type activities, and this enables civil and criminal actions to be brought. Additionally, activities which are not illegal but may nevertheless compromise competition in the markets can be investigated and action taken, affecting monopolies and oligopolies: for example, the requirement for BAA to sell some of its airports because of its dominant position reflects issues regarding competition between airports. The UK Competition Act 1998 forbids the setting up of cartels and facilitates civil sanctions, enforced by the Office of Fair Trading (Office of Fair Trading 2008: 148). The 2002 Enterprise Act criminalises those who take part in cartels (Office of Fair Trading 2003: 2). The Competition Commission investigates mergers and market activities which may compromise the competitive environment (Office of Fair Trading 2008: 148). A recent example is price-fixing on fuel surcharges by British Airways and Virgin, who discussed and established the strategy together. Virgin alerted the relevant authorities, resulting in the airline escaping prosecution despite participation, although certain personnel from within Virgin are having actions taken against them (Milmo 2008). The investigation has resulted in large penalties for both companies, who have also set up a large compensation fund for passengers affected, and the issue has caused particularly bad publicity for British Airways (ibid). The individuals involved have been prosecuted under the 2002 Enterprise Act (ibid). A further area of concern has been the operations of supermarkets, particularly with regard to activities with dairy processing companies, and they have been found to be in breach of Chapter 1 of the Competition Act 1998 and article 81 of the EC treaty (Office of Fair Trading 2008: 148-9), with a number of parties fined. The power of supermarkets has been widely questioned (Blythman 2005), but the Office of Fair Trading’s 2008 report into their activities found that while their practices may be detrimental to smaller grocers operating nearby, the overall effect is beneficial for the consumer. This demonstrates how, overall, the impact of the activities of organisations is considered on the basis of its effect on consumers, not on other businesses trying to compete within the same market. While collusion, co-operation and co-ordination between oligopolies may be detrimental for consumers who pay unnecessarily inflated prices, the determent factor of such practices may be limited, since if there is a demand and the oligopolistic market will not lower its prices, consumers have little choice: they must purchase at high prices or go without. Why might the objectives of the managers (agents) of large companies differ from those of shareholders (principals)? Explain how the corporate governance scandal at Enron in 2001 showed clearly the problems of ‘corporate governance’ within large firms. An organisation typically has a wide range of stakeholders, from employees, suppliers and customers to shareholders and community groups, all with different interests and agendas. Traditionally, it was considered that the shareholders’ interests, as owners of the company, should take precedence, but this view has been largely superseded by the idea of the stakeholder concept (Marcousà © et al 2003: 489), which takes into account the wishes of the broader stakeholder groups. This may seem to conflict with shareholders’ interests, but the stakeholder concept should result in a more profitable company through, for example, higher employee morale and productivity and lower staff turnover through investment in employee welfare, resulting in increased dividends for shareholders. However, shareholders may see these benefits as being long-term, and wish to invest in shares with a greater short-term return. Shareholders’ aims vary according to whether they perceive their holding as a short- or long-term investment. In the short term, they will be interested in the organisation having a strong profit with substantial returns in dividends to shareholders, rises in share price and potential profits on the disposal of shares in the near future. For longer term investment, the ongoing strategy and investment carried out by the organisation becomes more important. Investment may come at the expense of dividends, and while it should result in a more profitable enterprise in the long-term, the short-term returns are affected and the share price may drop, decreasing the worth of the shareholders’ assets. It may make more economic sense to sell shares to realise profit sooner, rather than hold them for longer periods of time and assume their price will recover. Managerial concerns, while recognising the issues confronting the organisation in the short term, must be focused on its long term survival, through investment, employee development and knowledge management, key attributes which are considered to help gain competitive advantage. However, such initiatives may impact on the profit of the company in the short term, potentially conflicting with shareholders’ wishes. The idea that shareholders are looking for dividends at the next payout and short term profitability, while long-term planning is better for the organisation (Grant 1995: 40) may be an oversimplification. Indeed, Grant suggests that cash flows, which affect share price and the continuing viability of the organisation, are key (ibid). Enron provides an example of problematic corporate governance leading to a collapse in share price and the failure of the organisation. The size of Enron has been presented as a difficulty for its corporate governance (Cohan 2002: 280), with the suggestion that departmental managers had agendas to pursue for the benefit of their department rather than the interests of the organisation (ibid: 281). It has also been suggested that senior managers were oblivious to questionable practices within the organisation. Thus in the following enquiry, a senior executive, Sherron Watson, described how she met with Enron’s former chairman and outlined her concerns but he â€Å"didn’t get it† (ibid: 276). While the role of managers is partly to take a long-term strategic view and facilitate the organisation’s continued trading into the future, the motivations of managers can affect this. Particularly significant at Enron was the structure of bonuses for top-performing employees. A substantial part of the bonuses was made up of stock options, the options to buy stock at a particular price in the future (Joint Committee on Taxation 2003: 13-14). For many, the preference was to dispose of such shares relatively quickly, and Enron’s auditors and accountants, Arthur Andersen, advised on setting up systems to minimise tax payments on such sales, through partnerships set up with spouses (Joint Committee on Taxation 2003: 661), an indicator of the predilection for disposal rather than keeping shares in the long term. The effect of such bonus schemes would arguably be for managers to focus on short-term increases in share values rather than consider the long-term picture for the organisation. This is perhaps why Enron’s activities were so focused on income, often through business not relating to its core activities but allowing it tax benefits (Joint Committee on Taxation 2003: 21). This approach generated favourable financial reports on the organisation, helping inflate its share prices. It also led to the setting up of a number of companies to hide losses so that the positive image of Enron could be maintained. The financial affairs of the organisation became highly complex as a result. However, the culture within Enron was highly targeted and conducive to a focus on covering one’s back rather than alerting management to problems, aggravating corporate governance difficulties: employees who noted such issues were motivated to conceal them due to concerns that they would lose their jobs otherwise (Cohan 2002: 281). Cohan identifies the main assumption of corporate governance being that employees are â€Å"autonomous and rational beings† (ibid: 282), suggesting that psychological factors had a significant impact on Enron’s corporate governance, creating cognitive biases (ibid: 283) where the individual is less willing to believe evidence that causes cognitive dissonance with their current beliefs. Overall, the situation at Enron was one of highly complex transactions, many outside its core business, widespread practices to maximise income for the highest earning executives and a culture which helped perpetuate questionable approaches to running the organisation. As a large firm, the complexities of its corporate governance enabled both managers and the auditors to engage in self-preserving activities. When senior figures were alerted to problems, they had little awareness of many of their executives’ activities and the massive structure of the organisation helped those executives cover up their actions. Explain the various types of pricing strategies which companies can adopt in the face of competition in the marketplace. How would a knowledge of elasticity of demand help companies decide how to price their products? At the most basic level, pricing needs to take costs into account as prolonged sales which fail to cover costs will result in a loss. However, true costs can be very complex to establish (Christopher and McDonald 1995: 183): for example, if an organisation produces two products, it is quite subjective as to how its marketing costs, electricity costs and directors’ salaries should be allocated to overall production costs. Establishing costs of services may be particularly difficult (O’Connor and Galvin 1997: 177) because of the predominance of intangible elements. Pricing thus becomes quite subjective. It is therefore common to adopt a particular strategy with pricing: cost-plus pricing is used as an initial indicator of the minimum viable price to set, and then the organisation can focus on how they wish to position their product within the market and against that of the competition. Price may be integral to product and brand image, and may eventually be set very much higher than production costs. For new products a lower price, reflecting a market penetration strategy (Kotler et al 1999: 721), may help entrants compete with existing products. However, to avoid starting a price war with competitors (Marcousà © et al 2003: 77), product costs must be low and barriers to other entrants high, or competitors may be in a position to lower their prices and the strategy could then fail (Hooley et al 2004: 382). For luxury products, the brand image may be cheapened by this approach and the product perceived as low quality, reducing demand. If product features are clearly differentiated from those of competitors, market skimming (Kotler et al 1999: 720), where prices are high and the product has kudos with customers who wish to be technologically ahead of their competitors (for businesses) or friends (for consumers), may be more appropriate. This also helps the organisation cover research and development costs of bringing a new product to market. Premium pricing strategies, whether price-skimming with a new product or charging a high price for an established product, are dependent on strong differentiation (Hooley et al 2004: 383): luxuries such as spa treatments or designer handbags may lose their appeal and impression of exclusivity if not highly priced. Supply of such goods may also be restricted, increasing demand and thus increasing the prices which can be charged. Items such as computer printers can be priced very cheaply and profits then made through consumables with a captive product pricing strategy (Kotler et al 1999: 723). Purchasers can compare the printer features and price easily with competing products, but cost of consumables will be very much harder to assess as it will depend on ink consumption. Margins on the printer may be very small, but comparatively large on the consumables: razors and razor blades provide a similar example. Price signalling (O’Connor and Galvin 1997: 177) involves sending a strong message to competitors regarding the organisation’s low costs and efficiencies, deterring them from trying to compete, although this can be a high risk strategy if competitors can copy the organisation’s model. Pricing strategy has perhaps been neglected in some of the literature: Hooley et al (2004), for example, writing on competitive strategy, discuss pricing only very briefly. Because of widespread increases in efficiency in recent years, trying to gain competitive advantage on cost may be a particularly risky strategy for any organisation. However, the current economic downturn may result in consumers focusing increasingly on price rather than product features. Within pricing strategy, the ideal price is that which maximises profit. A low margin with high demand may generate as much profit as a high margin with low demand. The concept of price elasticity of demand reflects how much a change of price affects demand (Marcousà © 2003: 58), with each measured in per cent: Price elasticity of demand = change of demand (%) (Mercer 1996: 246) change of price (%) If the price elasticity is known, prices can be set to maximise profits. However, its measurement is difficult. Analysing existing data on price and demand can give some indication (Mercer 1996: 249), but it is not possible to isolate data from other factors. For example, the current economic concerns are leading to UK shoppers switching to lower priced supermarkets, even though the premium supermarkets are not increasing their prices. Other factors which may affect demand when price is not changed include the availability of substitutes, consumers’ loyalty to particular brands and the extent to which the product is a necessity. Technically, such factors are not price elasticity, but a more general elasticity (ibid: 246), but they limit the applicability of available data. Surveys of consumers asking how much they would be prepared to pay for a product may give some indication of price elasticity (ibid: 249), but answers given in surveys may not be consistent with behaviour. Experimenting with prices may provide useful information (ibid: 249), but runs the risk of reducing profit by testing prices which are found to be unsuitable. Another option is to listen to anecdotal evidence from sales staff which may help indicate customer attitudes: however, sales staff may be motivated to have targets reduced and report high numbers of customers refusing to buy, or customers could be using a negative response to price as a negotiating tool. Relatively inelastic price elasticity is ideal for companies as it gives them the freedom to raise prices without demand being significantly affected (Marcousà © et al 2003: 60). This is easier to achieve if a product is perceived as being different from (and better than) competitors’ products. What have the main demand and supply factors that have determined the general increase in global food prices over the last years? Food prices have risen considerably in recent years, not only in countries importing foodstuffs but also in areas where food production is high. There are a number of reasons for this. As globalisation has increased, certain nations, notably the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) have seem rapid economic growth and increased demand for a wide range of products. These emerging economies are giving rise to newly affluent populations whose dietary habits are changing to reflect their higher incomes. This is seen, for example, in India: although vegetarianism is widespread, meat consumption has risen 40% in 15 years (FT.com 2008). Using grain to feed livestock and then using the livestock to feed humans is a less efficient way of utilising the grain than it going direct to feed humans, placing additional demands on agricultural production. Dairy consumption in India is also increasing, leading to supply problems as sufficient milk cannot be produced (ibid). Again, foodstuffs are needed for dairy herds, utilising agricultural land that might otherwise produce crops for human consumption. The rise of supermarkets has led to changes in shopping patterns in India (ibid), but supermarket expansion has been global. Shopping in this way means that larger quantities are purchased but that shopping trips are typically made less frequently. Purchasing for several days ahead may result in over-buying, and concern has been expressed regarding the amount of food thrown away in the UK because of deterioration (Smithers 2007). Three-for-two and similar offers may increase impulse buys and over-purchasing (ibid), and high levels of wastage are also attributed to lack of meal planning by consumers prior to shopping and inadequate storage of perishable items (ibid). According to economic theory, increased demand pushes prices up, particularly as supplies become depleted, suggesting that more careful shopping could result in a price reduction. The systems of subsidies offered to farmers have taken agriculture in a direction that further threatens food supplies by encouraging the planting of crops for bio fuels, particularly in the US where targets for bio fuels have been set (ibid). As an alternative to fossil fuels, bio fuels may offer an infinite source of energy: however, there are the costs and power associated with processing the crops before they can be used as fuel, and every processing stage in the food chain adds cost and inefficiency. Where subsidies are available, it is in farmers’ interests to grow large quantities, but if the subsidy system does not reflect the demand for food, then the use of the land is inefficient at addressing rising food prices. Harvey suggests that the pattern of UK agriculture in the 1950s, with wide use of pasture to feed livestock and to help maintain nutrient reserves in the soil, with grain crops rotated to ‘rest’ each area of land regularly, produced smaller crop yields but required far less input, with overall food output per acre higher than through intensive methods used today (2008). It should be noted that many food prices are coming down, particularly wheat which has dropped 50% in a year (Harvey 2008). The difficulty occurs because of unpredictable crops, and the reason for such volatility is climate-based. Climate change has impacted on crops, with weather patterns increasingly more extreme (FT.com 2008). While this has enabled crop growth further north than ever before, it has limited production in, for example, Southern Europe where there has been a problem with heat waves, not only affecting crop growth but resulting in fires (for example, in Greece in 2007) which can destroy crops. Many areas of the world, from the UK to Bangladesh, experience regular flooding which can ruin crops and limit the use of land in floodplains which, in drier conditions, is particularly fertile. Conflict has also resulted in agricultural land being unavailable for use, for example in Sudan, where 80% of agricultural land is out of use (Rice 2008). The increase in oil prices has affected the operation of agricultural machinery and transport costs in recent months; although the price has now fallen again, volatility in the markets can contribute to difficulties as producers struggle to plan and budget for production. Power to produce and process food has become increasingly expensive. Overall, the rise in food prices can be seen as a consequence of increased global demand coinciding with increasing practical difficulties and rising costs of production. References Blythman J (2005) Shopped (London: Harper Perennial) Christopher M and McDonald M (1995) Marketing: An Introductory Text (Basingstoke/London: Macmillan) Cohan J (2002) ‘â€Å"I Didn’t Know† and â€Å"I Was Only Doing My Job†: Has Corporate Governance Careered Out of Control? A Case Study of Enron’s Information Myopia in Journal of Business Ethics Vol 40 pp275-299 Ft.com (2008) ‘Why are food prices rising?’ available at media.ft.com/cms/s/2/f5bd920c-975b-11dc-9e08-0000779fd2ac.html?from=foodcrisis accessed 20/11/08 Grant R (1995) Contemporary Strategy Analysis 2nd Edition (Cambridge MA/Oxford UK: Blackwell Business) Harvey G (2008) ‘Time to go against the grain’ in The Guardian: Society News and Features 5/11/2008 p7 Hooley G, Saunders J and Piercy N (2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning 3rd Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education) Joint Committee on Taxation (2003) Report of Investigation of Enron Corporation and Related Entities Regarding Federal Tax and Compensation Issues, and Policy Recommendations Volume I: Report (US Senate-Commissioned Report) www.house.gov/jct/s-3-03-vol1.pdf Kotler P, Armstrong G, Saunders J and Wong V (1999) Principles of Marketing 2nd European Edition (London: Prentice Hall Europe) Koutsoyiannis A (1983) Modern Microeconomics 2nd Edition (London/Basingstoke: Macmillan) Laidler D (1982) Introduction to Microeconomics 2nd Edition (Oxford: Philip Allan) Marcousà © I, Gillespie A, Martin B, Surridge M and Wall N (2003) Business Studies 2nd Edition (Abingdon: Hodder Arnold) Mercer D (1996) Marketing 2nd Edition (Oxford/Cambridge MA: Blackwell Business) Milmo D (2008) ‘Executives face court over fuel surcharge fixing by BA and Virgin’ in The Guardian 08/08/08 p14 O’Connor J and Calvin E (1997) Marketing and Information Technology (Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall) Office of Fair Trading (2003) The Cartel Offence (London: Office of Fair Trading) Office of Fair Trading (2008) Market Investigation into the Supply of Groceries in the UK available at www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/2008/fulltext/538.pdf accessed 20/11/08 Rice X (2008) ‘Abu Dhabi develops food farms in Sudan’ in The Guardian International Section p16 2/7/2008 Smithers R (2007) ‘Campaign launched to reduce UK’s  £8bn food waster mountain’ in The Guardian 2/11/07 p7 www.opec.org

Napster :: essays research papers

As I sat in front of my computer downloading my favorite song from Napster, I started to think about how hard it must have been to write a song so sublime with the way the words flow from one another, and how talented one must be to do so. I started to think how hard people work on their music for themselves and their fans, and how their fans don’t realize what they are doing every time they download a song off the internet. What they don’t realize is that it is messing over the people who worked so hard pouring out their heart and soul into their music for everyone to enjoy. They are the people who are responsible for the music, not the people who work at Napster, or any of the other shafting music networks, who are embezzling from the people we all admire for the way they can flow out those heartwarming words. These words move us to the point that we want to cry, and sometimes do. These words we listen to when we want to go off into our own little world, and think ab out an extraordinary moment we once had that makes our sorrows disappear. These words remind us of a passed loved one who was once forgotten, and never to be again. They are the people who put their heart and soul into their music; these are people we use so selfishly and don’t even realize how much blood sweat and tears they shed just to put out quality words. They are the people we take for granted, and they are the people who sometimes take us, their fans, for granted as well, they are the artists themselves. File sharing is what it is thought as, but I don’t see it that way. I see it as theft, music theft; most commonly know as shafting. Every day people use shafting and think nothing of it. People sit in front of their computers and go to their favorite website and download file after file with out thinking how or where it comes from. They think it is just there for the taking and it is. Shafting is a trend that has just begun, but only time will tell how far it w ill go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shafting has gone further then anyone would have ever imagined, one man and his website Napster are responsible for all of this; Napster has not only changed the music industry forever; it has also changed American culture forever.

Essay --

Resumen Este trabajo investiga sobre el advenimiento de la era tecnolà ³gica la cual a medida que pasa el tiempo se expande a todos los sectores de la sociedad, ya sea por la cantidad de nuevas investigaciones y tecnologà ­as como por la ubicuidad de à ©stas. Para lograr una mejor comprensià ³n de ello es necesario abordar los conceptos de Computacià ³n Ubicua, Tecnologà ­a Calma, Interaccià ³n Inconsciente y nociones psicolà ³gicas de Resistencia al Cambio. En el transcurso de este informe se irà ¡ seà ±alando brevemente como avanzan estos temas a lo largo de la historia y resaltando el estudio del lugar de la interface y el nuevo rol del ambiente en la Interaccià ³n Humano/Computadora. Palabras claves Computacià ³n Ubicua, Tecnologà ­a Calma, Interaccià ³n Inconsciente, Resistencia al cambio. Introduccià ³n Varios aà ±os atrà ¡s la tecnologà ­a era una herramienta muy fà ¡cil de distinguir, percibir e identificar, ya sea de forma visual (ya que eran artefactos nuevos o diferentes a la vida cotidiana) o tambià ©n mediante la interaccià ³n del usuario, por ello muchas veces existià ³ la necesidad de tener conocimiento previo para poder utilizarlas y entenderlas o si no se tenà ­a ese conocimiento era necesario adquirirlo para un correcto â€Å"uso†. A una gran cantidad de usuarios, estas nuevas tecnologà ­as les resultaron muy llamativas, fascinantes y amenas para indagar, profundizar y sumergirse mà ¡s en ese mundo, los cuales con gran facilidad pudieron apreciarla y aprovecharla, pero tambià ©n siempre existen y existieron las personas que tienen una gran resistencia al cambio, a aprender nuevos modos, nuevos lenguajes, nuevos usos y nuevas formas de vida. Al ser esta una tecnologà ­a muy fà ¡cil de distinguir, a à ©ste grupo de personas les resultà ³ muy fà ¡cil la tarea de identificar... ..., con las nuevas tecnologà ­as lo interesante es el hecho de que a esta altura del tiempo todas las personas (quieran o no) forman parte del mundo que està ¡ inmerso en la computacià ³n ubicua, de una u otra forma son usuarios de alguna de estas tecnologà ­as y no han tenido la necesidad u oportunidad de decidir si forman parte de este nuevo mundo o no, porque lo son de forma imperceptible ya que no tuvieron que adoptar nuevas formas de uso o cambios en la vida cotidiana porque la tecnologà ­a se acomodà ³ a ellos, se invirtià ³ lo que sucedà ­a en un principio, asà ­ es posible el alcance de estas tecnologà ­as a toda la sociedad sin generar los problemas sociales de resistencia a lo nuevo o al cambio, porque este cambio ya no es tan brusco, porque la tecnologà ­a està ¡ tan mimetizada con el entorno que no genera un choque, se disimula, se percibe el entorno y el entorno es la interfaz.

Religion :: essays research papers

Psalm 23 can be regarded as a psalm of high praise of God. It is one of the shortest psalms out of the four , but it gets its point across very directly and clearly. It makes use of the extended metaphor which is a metaphor that develops at length and includes several points of comparison. This psalm also uses the idea of parallelism that gives an idea in the first lines and keeps on repeating and elaborating in the later lines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psalm 23 gives the comparison of God being a shepherd. This means that God protects and guides people like a real shepherd would do with sheep. The line that says , â€Å" He maketh me to lie down to green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters† (Verse 2). That line serves to be an example of how God looks out for his creation or in other word his people. This starts off the extended metaphor and ends in the last line with the author mentioning how he will dwell in the house of the Lord forever which would be heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tone of this psalm is a dominant one that God will take of everything if the person follows God. The author says that God will bless him   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ROY 2 with oil. In verse 4 the author says, â€Å" Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death , I will fear no evil : for thou art with me ; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me†. The author gives a small problem or crisis in the first part of the verse and then resolves it in the last part of the verse. He says that one day he will have to die , but he has no fear because he knows God’s power will be there for him and to comfort him. Verse 4 can also be mentioned as the theme of the psalm. The theme is that God will always be there for you which includes in times of good and bad and you should have no fear for he is your shepherd. Psalm 23 has earned a reputation of being a psalm that people recite

Tractors in Asian Pacific Countries

* Imported Tractors: Australia, Japan, New Zealand * GDP per capita: Hong Kong, Australia, japan * Population: China, India, Indonesia * Number tractors in country: Japan, India, china * Agricultural Growth: China, South Korea, India Australia: 2/5 Japan: 3/5 New Zealand: 1/5 Hong Kong: 1/5 China:3/5 India: 3/5 Indonesia: 1/5 South Korea: 1/5 All of them. All 6 tables You need to calculate the initial score, weighting and the final score * Hard Copy 20% of total grade. * 20% attendance, 20% group project Characteristic: Big, High performance, and expensive ( very important to have some rational thinking why you would like to select it to be shipped to your specific country) * Recession started in 1947 to 2010 * Demand is lower, so they need to excess capacity and sell to the world * The target market in all Asian pacific * China and japan are the biggest industries in the world * India has the large population * Common wealth nations –Australia and New Zealand * Malaysia and I ndonesia are a pair, both tropical * China and japan are a pair New Zealand and Australia are a pair * 5 factors: opportunity, type of the demand, trade, market sustainability, political (government, recession etc. ) and economic environment. Internal and external supply. Market consideration: * Tell about the population of the ten countries. Type of the demand, the tractor use (because some don’t even use tractors), Imported tractor ( some countries never import the tractors but use their own tractors)IMPORTANT, do they portray desire? Do they have money? , agricultural growth( some countries never grow on agriculture such as Hong Kong), GDP.If they import tractor then they have a potential market. GDP, do you have money GDP per person. Consistent Growing or are they shrinking? Imported tractor is more imp than GDP, GDP is more important than agricultural growth then more important than tractor use. The least important is the population because they may not have to grow thei r own food but buy/import their foods. IMPORTED TRACTOR AND GDP MOST IMPORTANT! * 3 very important, 2 important, 1 is fairly important, . 5 less important, * Need to measure the weighted average mean *

Lamm

Lam discusses the issues in our healthcare. We are starting to see a â€Å"brave new world of healthcare†, one where we need to set new standards and obligations. â€Å"We shall have to balance quality of life with quantity of life, costs and benefits, preventive medicine versus curative medicine†. Lam believes that there are two major flaws In and an equal number are undesired and second being the high cost of healthcare. He strongly encourages making healthcare more accessible.He repeats ever and over how the largest flaw Is our lack of access. The problem with having everyone able to access healthcare Is that the costs would Increase. We want everyone to have healthcare, but we are not willing to pay for it. He also discusses how we must now look at the needs of the entire population. We need to limit the use of certain resources of one individual in order to have enough for the whole population. I agree with Lam that our healthcare system is changing and we do need to better accommodate our lives in order to make it work.I believe that we should have universal care, but with that like Lam states with his new values â€Å"personal responsibility. With this responsibility one should take responsibility of their bodies. If there were universal healthcare one should eat healthy and exercise daily in order to stay well and keep costs down. Another issue that needs to be addressed is limitations of resources. Resources are limited, they should not just be used for one individual. There is the rest of the population that need those resources as well.

Internship Report Sample

Is week 5 now, I have getting used to a lot of working procedure here and can handle customer all by myself. Besides handling customer, I also try to response and monitor the social page of the company in order to keep the page active and response to people who needed our services. In addition, I also practice how to use Photoshop during free time. On the other hand, learning how to use photoshop is not an easy job. I have try to create something but fail and end up passing the job to my colleague that is specialize on designing things.Nevertheless, I will keep on learning and hope that I can master it as soon as possible. Week 6 was different, besides of monitoring the social page and customer services, I worked in the workshop of the company and help in their production. In addition, I also follow one of my supervisors to some of the working site. Since it is week 6, I have watch how to produce some of the product in the workshop many times. So now I know how to help out my colleag ue in a right way to increase the production speed.Although I have make some minor mistake at the start, but it went down quite well after few times. My colleague also helps to fix my mistake and taught me how to do it correctly. Is week 7, everyday seems to be like a routine this week. Each morning I will open up the social media network which is Facebook to reply messages or enquiries on post that I post in the company page. If customer is convince to our service, I will proceed to payment and start processing their product. Besides that, I will also open up our email go do some email marketing and also see whether they is any reply in the mail.Week 8 is a bit challenging, I’m still doing those routine everyday but this week our supervisor ask me and my other colleague to create information for a new webpage. We will need to prepare price of the quotation for all the product need to be list in the webpage. Besides that, we also have to list out all the area that our company services are covering. There is a lot of problem during the process because we keep on editing the file until our supervisor is satisfied with our information.

DBQ: Jacksonian Democracy Essay

In the 1820’s and 1830’s, the Jacksonian Democrats believed they were protecting many aspects of freedom for the American people and I agree with their beliefs to a limited extent. The Jacksonian Democrats were successful in maintaining the political democracy during this time. However, they were completely defeated in their attempt at establishing and preserving individual liberty. While, they were successful in some aspects of guarding the equality of economic opportunity. I agree with the Jacksonian Democrats on the topic of Political Democracy. As Andrew Jackson points out in Document B, â€Å"It is easy to conceive that great evils to our country and its institutions might flow from such a concentration of power in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people† and further more, â€Å"It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.†. He was criticized for his own actions by Daniel Webster in Document C, where he called him hypocritical and irresponsible. Webster claimed that Jackson was bad for the country and was not satisfying the needs of the majority. However, this is less fact, as it is pure criticism by Webster, one of Jackson’s biggest critics. In spite of these claims of power abuse, Jackson used a system of rotation of office to keep the members of equal power. Regardless of Jackson’s efforts to give power to the people, â€Å"the grand question of the time was ‘whether the people should be encouraged to govern themselves, or whether the wise should save them from themselves.'† As stated in Document D. Political Democracy was a priority for Andrew Jackson and he successfully established a government to protect it. Jacksonian Democrats did not protect individual liberty. Though Jackson was a strong supporter and activist in the fight for individual states’ rights, this did not carry over to individual liberty for all people. Document F contains two acts resolved in South Carolina. The third of the Acts and Resolutions was an attempt to regulate the media and one’s right of free speech, attempting to â€Å"make it highly penal to print, publish, and distribute newspapers, pamphlets, tracts and pictorial representations calculated and having and obvious tendency to excite the slaves of the southern states to insurrection and revolt† as stated in Document F. Also in  the document, they try to prevent mail distribution as a result of the transmission of incendiary tracts. While in Document E, a riot in Philadelphia causes â€Å"hostility to the blacks and an indiscriminate persecution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Chief Justice Roger B Taney points out, â€Å"While the rights of private property are sacredly guarded, we must not forget, that the community also have rights, and that the happiness and well-being of every citizen depends on their faithful preservation†. Though this is true, the fact that individual liberty has not been protected remains. The Jacksonian Democrats partially fulfilled their role as â€Å"guardian† in relation to protecting the equality of economic opportunity. As in the case in Document H of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837), the government enforced the set rules and was in no way lenient or giving, as they should be. In this case, Chief Justice Taney ruled that â€Å"there is no exclusive privilege given to them over the waters of the Charles River†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This ruling exhibits the effort the government put forth towards maintaining equality of economic opportunity. While in Document B, Jackson states, â€Å"The present Bank of the United States †¦ enjoys an exclusive privilege of banking, †¦ almost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange.†, and this is obviously a failed element of maintaining this equality, and a very important one at that. Though Jacksonian Democrats were not in favor of the Bank of the U.S. as a whole, they were still not able to co ntrol it as a necessary. In the 1820’s and 1830’s, the Jacksonian Democrats believed they were protecting many aspects of freedom for the American people and I agree with their beliefs to a limited extent. Some of which, I completely agree with and others that I could not see in my wildest dreams. They did not protect individual liberty at all but claimed they were the official â€Å"guardians† of it. As for the equality of economic opportunity, they were able to achieve this in some arenas. The individual cases were decided in favor of this attempt but the national issues weren’t won. The Jacksonian Democrats were able to play the role of â€Å"guardian† and protect many of the rights they believed they did, but I don’t think they came near covering all of them.

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Research Proposal Example Worth noting is the fact that performance management systems help organizations with the predictions of performance expectations (Rashidi 2015, p. 213). Researchers have expressed their interests in understanding whether performance management systems have the capacity to boost employee performance. The study will seek to determine whether performance management systems have the potential to register improved performance of employees. Notably, all organizations seek to promote employee performance in an effort to maximize profitability. With the current emphasis on the need for all organizations to embrace performance management systems, it is important to determine whether a performance management system can really have a positive outcome of the performance of employees (Seiden & Sowa 2011, 250). As highlighted above, organizations need to ensure that employees register exemplary performance. Notably, the profitability and financial performance of an organization is directly related to employee performance and productivity. The introduction of Employee Performance Management Systems was in a bid to ensure that organizations have systems in place to plan, monitor, and review the performance of employees. Many researchers have linked performance management systems with the increased performance of employees as well as high levels of job satisfaction. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the perception of supervisors and managers as well as the perception of the employees on the role of performance management systems in improving performance in an identified organization. According to Rashidi (2015, p. 211), implementing performance management systems has the potential to register positive outcomes on the performance of employees. Rashidi highlights that performance management systems help organizations to identify the specific roles that each employee should play towards the achievement of organizational

Crowdsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crowdsourcing - Term Paper Example Basically, the crowdsourcing is a distributed problem-solving, online and production environment that has appeared in recent years. Some of the well-known instances of this model comprise iStockphoto, Threadless, InnoCentive, the Goldcorp Challenge, and user-generated advertising contests. The term â€Å"crowdsourcing† was first time used in the June 2006 by Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson in an issue of Wired Magazine. Basically, they used this term to outline a modern and innovative online business environment that can be used for the presentation of the innovative solutions of a distributed network of isolated users through what amounts to an open call for proposals. Howe further clarifies this term by providing some details associated with this environment. According to their viewpoint, crowdsourcing refers to the process of an institution or organization getting a task that was previously carried out by its internal team workers or staff members and outsourcing it to an open- ended (and usually huge) group of individuals or teams through an open call. Though, this process can appear in the form of peer-production (where a task is carried out by a team of professionals collaboratively), however it can also be carried out by individuals separately. In this scenario, the key idea is the use of the open call format in order to attract a huge network of possible individuals (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008). Technically, this term can be defined as â€Å"an organization takes the design, constructs it in bulk quantity and trades it.† This process works in a smooth and sequential manner in which, an organization first distributes an issue or problem online or via other channels, after that a large number of people provide solutions and ideas to deal with that specific problem, most effective solutions or ideas are granted some kind of a reward, and the organization that distributed those problems ma kes use of that idea for its own benefit. In their paper (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008) discuss a number of examples to clarify the concept of crowdsourcing. Some of the important cases are outlined below: Threadless The first example that (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008) discussed in their paper is of Threadless.com, which is an internet based t-shirt firm. This firm has successfully utilized the concept of crowdsourcing. This firm basically crowdsources the design method for their shirts by means of a partial online competition. In this competition Jacob DeHart and Jake Nickell took part and Nickell won the competition. The company successfully implemented the designs proposed by contestants. In this scenario, the crowdsourcing model helped the firm in earning considerable revenue. Up till 2006, Threadless was ‘selling more than 60,000 T-shirts per month, and had a profit margin of approximately 35% and was on the right track to gross $18 million, all with only 20 staff members. There are no hard and fast rules for joining the

Poetry Richard Cory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Richard Cory - Essay Example ... rhyme scheme is suggestive of the meaning behind the poem-that you cannot know what somebody is like inside just from the outer appearances. The rhythm of the stanzas, as well as the light tone that the poem starts in, are not at all foretelling of what is to come in the last stanza, unless if one employs irony and listens to the foreboding that this poem seems too light to be taken at face value. Thus the rhythm of the poem-regular, perfect grammatical stanzas, and the rhyme scheme which follows in an orderly way, seem to show the outside perfection of Richard Cory's life. However, only the last two stanzas give away (what goes on in) his inner life, and this is in sharp contrast to the outside appearances, in fact, completely contrary to the seeming perfection. The second stanza describes Richard Cory's behavior in a social sense, and more of his effect upon other people. The third stanza describes his social standing and his position, and we see him as a very wealthy man. But he is also "schooled in every grace", which makes him somewhat of a hero figure, as he is not only rich and handsome, but also of a fine mind and fine manners. Thus up to the end of the third stanza, what we as readers are offered is this description of Richard Cory, in which we see him as a bright character, and almost like a model citizen in a way. ... This is also a general opinion of other townspeople of him. So up to this point the poem's beauty seems to be in perfectly lined up, almost symmetrical sentences, told in a style that is almost classical in its simplicity and elegance. The focus is on detail in the description of this character. Thus we see elegant expressions such as "imperially slim", "quietly arrayed", and further-"he was always human when he talked". Finally, at the end of third stanza, Robinson concludes the detailed true-to-life description by saying: "In fine, we thought that he was everything/ To make us wish that we were in his place". Note that he says: "[W]e thought", and not another verb of more certainty such as "we knew" for example. It is still not obvious to the reader that a tragedy will follow, but the choice of verb here underlines the fact that appearances do not have to be true to what is going inside of a person. The last stanza suddenly gives us more insight into the socio-economic position of the narrator, as well as the other townspeople: "So on we worked, and waited for the light,/ And went without the meat, and cursed the bread". Thus it is now established that the narrator, as well as most of the townspeople, are poor, in contrast to the wealthy and successful Richard Cory. Finally, the poem ends: " And Richard Cory, one quiet summer night,/ Went home and put a bullet through his head." Note the perfectly grammatical, symmetrical sentences in this stanza, and the orderly rhyme scheme-ghgh. The perfect symmetry of this poem is ironic in contrast to the internal chaos that is shown through Richard Cory's sudden suicide. However, there is not much emotion shown from the narrator with regards to Richard Cory's

Discovery Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discovery Timeline - Essay Example Up until the 16th century, people thought that heavy objects fell faster. Galileo Galilei, in 1585, climbed to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped two objects. One object was heavy and the other was light, but both reached the ground at the same time. Thus, he proved that objects fall at the same rate and accelerate as they fall. (Ed-Helper, n.d) Later on, Galilei expressed his theories with equations, and his discoveries and equations served as a guideline for Newton's equations of gravity, which are still used to date. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. 'Ben suspected that lightning was an electrical current in nature, and he wanted to see if he was right. One way to test his idea would be to see if the lightning would pass through metal. He decided to use a metal key and looked around for a way to get the key up near the lightning. he used a child's toy, a kite, to prove that lightning is really a stream of electrified air, known today as plasma. His famous stormy kite flight in June of 1752 led him to develop many of the terms that we still use today when we talk about electricity: battery, conductor, condenser, charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and electrician.' (AmericanRevolution, n.d) In 1879, Thomas Edison discovered the incand... Incandescent light bulbs or lamps are sources of artificial light which use electricity to emit light. With this discovery, he enabled portable lighting, such as table lamps, some car headlamps and electric flashlights, and decorative and advertising lighting. References 1. Bill Arnett (last updated: 2007 Jun 02) Appendix 3:Chronology of Solar System Discovery. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.nineplanets.org/history.html 2. The Age of Discovery - Gravity and Gauss. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_204.html 3. Benjamin Franklin and Discovery of Electricity. Rerieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.americanrevolution.com/BenjaminFranklinElectricity.htm. 4. Tom Edison (n.d). Incandescent Light. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from

Atomic Weight of Magnesium Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atomic Weight of Magnesium - Lab Report Example The ChemLab was used to simulate the reaction involving Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid, which produced hydrogen gas, magnesium and chloride ions. By measuring the amount of gas produced, the molecular weight of Magnesium was calculated. Using ChemLab, 30 ml 2M HCl was added to 300 ml H2O. 10 mg Magnesium was then added to the solution. After measuring the amount of Hydrogen produced, the molecular weight (grams per mole) of Magnesium was calculated. The calculation of the molecular weight using the weight of magnesium and the amount of hydrogen gas released was facilitated by the used of the balanced equation describing the reaction between magnesium and HCl: This means that a mole of magnesium needs two moles of HCl to produce a mole of hydrogen gas, a mole of magnesium ion, and a mole of chloride ion. This direct relation is applicable only when the parameter compared is the

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Personal Statement Example As a volunteer at my father’s office, I did simple tasks like installing software, setting up new computers, editing documents and connecting internet cables. Though these tasks were simple compared to the complicated computer science world that is full of math and engineering, they were sufficient to further ignite the interest and skills in me. Another important point of inspiration was Dr. Duncan Buell. It was he who gave me an insight into the real scope of computer science. I realized the importance of computer software engineers, computer programmers, computer applications software engineers, and computer systems software engineers in the new world of communication and business. He told me the fact that computer software engineering is one of the fastest growing occupations, and it will be so in the time ahead. As I completed my B.S in Computer Science, I realized the fact that there is a lot more I have to learn in order to make my own contributions in the field. Admittedly, the field only accepts the best and the most effective, and the rest is rejected mercilessly. So, for me, in order to join a multinational firm that offers chances of unlimited growth, it is necessary for me to gain better knowledge and sharpen my skills. So, I found that it is necessary for me to do masters in Computer Science and Computer Engineering. Admittedly, I have another desire too in pursing my master in Computer Science and Computer Engineering. That is to learn more about, and specialize in the inclusion of nanotechnology. I have come to know that nanotechnology offers a number of areas for research and development. Some of them are swarm intelligence, genetic algorithms, and cellular automata. Thus, I intend to further concentrate on the nanotech challenge of developing a nanorobot that is capable of self-repairing, self-replicating, and multiplying. I am very much aware that this masters degree in Computer Science and Computer

Global Business Plan for Harbor Freight in UK Research Paper

Global Business Plan for Harbor Freight in UK - Research Paper Example The internal environment largely determines the business growth and development of a company. As such, it is a significant factor that ought to be considered. The internal environment encompasses planning, leading, organizing, implementing and controlling. For a global expansion of a business, planning plays a central role without which the expansion would not be a success. As I have earlier indicated, Harbor Freight enjoys a good established in the United States market. For it to be successful in the UK market, planning has to be done at each of its departments so as to evaluate its efficiency and effectiveness. Some of the departments that need to be considered are the distribution department, the marketing department, the finance department and the logistics and operations department. Research and development will also be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of entering the UK market. Specifically, the marketing department has the duty to analyze the UK market and introduce a n ovel advertising strategy that will enable it to succeed in the UK market. Pereira contends that a good advertising strategy will aid in the success of an organization in a new market.Leading has both a direct and indirect influence on an organization. As regards to Harbor Freight, the marketing department will be responsible for the leading. It will be responsible for consolidating all the efforts of the other internal departments so as to come up with an effective corporate planning that will increase its chances of succeeding in the UK market.

Ethical theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical theories - Essay Example In this regard, practitioners are not supposed to give up on a patient unless all the treatment fails. There arises a dilemma on what to do when the patient is not responding to treatment. The ethical dilemma arises on whether to terminate treatment or allow the patient to suffer under futile treatment. Relegating treatment may be a sign of condemning the patient to death while treatment might be painful and of no importance. Thus, the most appropriate decision should be made. Bioethics principles can be used to chart a way forward in case of a futile treatment dilemma. The principles include autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The autonomy principle states that conscious patients have a choice to decide termination or continuity of futile treatment. The beneficence principle asserts that medical practitioners must do anything possible to alienate suffering from the patient. The non-maleficence principle explains that nurses should check all procedures to ensure that patients do not suffer from intentional errors and omissions. The justice principle asserts that patients have equal rights to benefit from treatment; new or current. From the principles, the medical practitioners can choose a course of action depending on the

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay Example for Free

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay The nature of the gene codon varies among organisms. Codon preferences have been considered on the perspectives of translational efficiency and fidelity and the selective and non selective biases operating during DNA transcription replication and repair processes. Variations in tRNA on codon bias of highly expressed genes during rapid growth phase of E. coli exist. Codon selectivity is influenced by codon/anticodon interaction strength, site specific codon biases, time of replication, codon context, or evolutional age. Codon preferences among gene classes in E. coli are grouped according to the following comparisons; correlation of codon biases with level of gene expression, organisation of genome according to genome partitions based on size, codons use for genes characterized by function and cellular localization of gene products, gene size, comparisons that divide all genes by similarity of codon usage or amino acid usage or similarity of a reduced set of amino acid or codons and characterization of alien genes. The Codon Adaptation Index (CIA) is a qualitative measure for assessing codon bias. Ribosomal protein (RP) genes and membrane genes are genes that are highly expressed during fast growth and CIA and codon bias (CB) values are inversely correlated with respect to RP genes. Most ribosomal proteins are highly expressed during the E. coli exponential growth phase during which most genes facilitating translation are highly expressed. Codon preferences differ among highly expressed genes relative to the average gene for certain amino acid types, especially disparities for alanine, aspartine, histidine, isoleucine, phenealanine, threonine and valine. There is a high correlation between optimal codons and level of gene expression. In relation to E. coli genes, codon biases generally increase with increasing protein molecular weight abundance. Codon usage differences generally decrease with respect to protein molecular abundance when compared to RP. Negative correlation in the degree of protein molar abundance relative to tRN genes or other sub classes of the translation functional category is not evident. The molar abundance and codon usage differences unequivocally correlate negatively with the RP gene family and positively with the average E. coli gene respectively. The E. coli genome is homogeneous with relatively weak codon biases among the genes distributed over the genome. Codon bias does not depend on timing in the replication cycle except near the ter region. The deviation in codon usage from RP and tRN genes is most emphatic at ter region. Relative codon usage bias among 5’ middle and 3’ parts of genes in E.coli show that the middle and the last third of genes are more similar in codon usage than either is to the initial third of the gene. There also exists a difference in the frequencies of 3 G+C near the oriC than near the ter region. Different bacterial genomes display variation in their overall G and C content, attributed to varying mutational mechanisms and processes. For eukaryotic genomes site 3 G+C frequencies decrease with increasing gene length. Alien genes are characterized in terms of extreme codon bias relative to average E.coli genes and high relative to RPs. These genes are of unknown function and are either GC rich or AT rich. Extremes in codon bias are for identifying pathogenicity islands and developing gene classes reflecting difference expression levels in untypical events. When the genome is divided into contigs, gene classes and dicodon bias is most pronounced between the gene classes of the region about the oriC versus the ter region. Dicodon bias increases with gene size and compared to the average gene dicodon biases are constant throughout the genome. When genes are divided into thirds, the dicodon biases of the 5’ third, middle third . 3’ third parts of genes are similar though level of bias is about twice that of straight codon bias. Codon and dicodon bias correlations for E. coli genes were evaluated for level of expression, contrast along genes, size of contigs around genome and gene size classes. Explanations for codon bias have involved combinations of selection and mutational pressures. The RPs and amminoacyl tRNA synthetases are highly expressed gene classes during exponential growth of E.coli. Codon biases for RP genes are much more extreme than for tRN genes. The greater the abundance a gene product, the more its codon usage resembles hat of RPs, but this is not the case for comparisons to tRN genes or protein genes essential to translational activities. For gene classes RP and tRN, the source of codon bias differs significantly. RP are among the most deviant from the average E. coli gene. It is suggested that codon usage and tRNA abundance are correlated for highly expressed genes to match substrate levels with cellular demands. Hence RP genes which are small single domain proteins show high codon usage correlation with overall E. coli codon usage and tRNA do not show this bias although they are highly expressed. The middle and final 3? end of genes entail the same levels of codon biases. The rare codon hypothesis for domains and secondary structures argues that the use of repetitive rare codons might reduce translational rate and induce translation pauses allowing protein domains and suitable secondary structures to fold into native structural conformation. There are differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational mechanisms. These differences may be important in translation initiation or early stages of translation. Highly biased slowly translated codon pairs are more closely correlated with levels of expression than with protein length. Understanding basis of codon usage is of interest with respect to fundamental evolutionary questions, gene prediction, gene classification and design of optimal expression vectors. Codon usage programs are essential for gene finding and analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.